Bibliography Samples Across Major Citation Styles
Here are samples of standard bibliographic entries formatted according to the three most common academic styles: APA (7th edition), MLA (9th edition), and Chicago (17th edition, Author-Date).
1. APA Style (7th Edition)
Used heavily in the sciences, social sciences, and education.
- Book:Smith, J. D. (2020). Understanding modern cognitive psychology. Academic Press.
- Journal Article:Johnson, A. M., & Lee, K. S. (2023). Neural correlates of decision-making under uncertainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000234
- Website:World Health Organization. (2024, March 15). Mental health and substance use. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use
2. MLA Style (9th Edition)
Used primarily in the humanities, literature, and cultural studies.
- Book:Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Alfred A. Knopf, 1987.
- Journal Article:Chen, Wei. “Digital Archives and the Future of Literary History.” Critical Inquiry, vol. 48, no. 3, 2022, pp. 405–22.
- Website:National Geographic Society. “The Amazon Rainforest, Explained.” National Geographic, 12 Jan. 2023, www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/amazon-rainforest.
3. Chicago Style (17th Edition, Author-Date)
Used frequently in the sciences, social sciences, and history.
- Book:Graeber, David. 2011. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York: Melville House.
- Journal Article:Ramos, Sofia, and David Miller. 2021. “Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy Transitions.” Energy Economics 60 (4): 215–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.10521.
- Website:Smithsonian Magazine. 2022. “How Ancient Romans Built Roads That Lasted Millennia.” Last modified October 4, 2022. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/roman-roads/.
Quick Comparison Table
| Source Type | APA | MLA | Chicago (Author-Date) |
| Author Name | Last, F. M. | Last, First M. | Last, First M. |
| Publication Date | (Year) | Year | Year |
| Title Capitalization | Sentence case for books/articles | Title Case for everything | Title Case for everything |
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